Power Demands and the Future of Data Centers
The demand on data centers is growing at an astonishing pace. Generative artificial intelligence and machine learning models require more power to train the AI models and perform inference operations. While hyperscale data centers currently require ~10/14kw output per rack, a 2024 Newmark report estimates that AI requirements will demand ~40-60kw per rack. The report indicates that the total amount of power needed from data centers will nearly double from 17GW in 2022 to 35GW in 2030.
To keep up with demand, new data centers are breaking ground at a rapid rate. Many are being constructed by some of the largest corporations on the globe. For example, Microsoft, BlackRock, Global Infrastructure Partnership (GAIIP), and MGX announced in fall 2024 they would partner to raise $100 billion to invest in new data center developments.
Data centers aren’t just building bigger, either. Many companies are exploring new power distribution strategies. Some are adopting high-voltage DC power distribution, a strategy that can lead to increased efficiency by reducing the number of required AC-DC conversions. Others are leveraging high-powered AC alternatives to the traditional 415VAC three-phase or 240VAC single-phase distribution. Options like 480VAC three-phase power and 277VAC single-phase bring higher voltage directly to the PSU and offer multiple advantages, including space savings, increased efficiency, and material cost reduction (since higher-gauge, thinner wires can be used).
ICT Engineers and the Need for Versatile & Compact Equipment
Regardless of the chosen power distribution method, every data center requires equipment designed to handle their voltage and current specifications. The receptacle and power cord that connects the power distribution units (PDU) in the racks to the servers or provides input power to the server units is an example of a small – but crucial – piece of data center architecture.
These components must be rated for both the type of voltage (AC or DC) and the voltage magnitude – a somewhat complicated task for data centers that fall outside traditional 415 VAC configurations. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) equipment engineers working with DC-powered data centers often encounter issues finding DC-rated equipment and confront a lack of industry standards, while those in high-power AC data centers may have trouble finding connectors that take full advantage of 480V power and avoid power losses from transformer conversions.
Another crucial consideration for modern data center equipment involves space-saving designs, particularly within developed markets where new construction cannot keep up with demand. For example, Northern Virginia's data center vacancy rate dropped from 1.8% in 2023 to 0.9% in 2024 – despite an 18% increase in inventory over the same period. In response to these challenges, data centers face increasing pressure to optimize rack space to meet demand.
One effective strategy involves adopting receptacles and power cords with a power density advantage – meaning they pack the most power within the smallest possible footprint. This advantage can be determined by comparing the connector’s IEC size to its AC current capabilities.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) formalized these sizes in its IEC-320 standard. Most data center rack-mounted power distribution units (PDUs) rely on C13/C14 sized connectors but – if more current is required – larger C19/C20 connectors can also be used. Standard C13/C14 connectors support 10-15A and 250V, so any connector that provides greater power within that same footprint can be said to hold a power density advantage.
